![]() A common example is found in eukaryotic genes - these genes often have introns, some of which are only spliced in some circumstances, so the in frame stop may be in different places for different transcripts from the same gene. †Note: As is often true in biology there are numerous caveats and exceptions. §Note: The mechanisms are very different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms - they can also vary between different species and even for different genes! The 3' UTR is simpler to identify - it is typically† everything after the first in frame stop codon and before the polyadenylation signal (where the polyA tail gets added. I also encourage you to look at some of the references for that section, which will help give you more detail on this high complex process that is still being actively studied. This is covered in a bit more detail in another article: (In fact, codons other than AUG are sometimes used as start codons!) These sequences are bound by proteins that help guide the ribosome to assemble at the correct place to start translation. ![]() ![]() The short answer to that is that the sequence of the mRNA around a potential start codon influences whether or not it will be used§. The interesting question is how does the ribosome know which start codon to start with? The 5' UTR is everything 5' of the start codon.
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